Litigation can be a costly and time consuming process and parties are increasingly seeking alternative forms of resolving disputes.
This article provides an overview of the main types of alternative dispute resolution (ADR) and their respective benefits and limitations.
What is ADR?
The term ADR is used to describe dispute resolution processes that do not involve traditional litigation procedures or final adjudication of a Court or Tribunal. The aim of ADR is to provide participants with a quicker and cheaper alternative to going to Court.
There are many different forms of ADR, including the following:
- Mediation: involves a trained mediator facilitating negotiations, but with no authority to make binding decisions.
- Conciliation: involves a neutral third party helping the participants to identify the issues in dispute, develop options and endeavour to reach a resolution. It differs from mediation in that a conciliator may offer an opinion or suggest a resolution. It has an element of advice.
- Arbitration: involves a professional arbitrator who has the authority to impose a binding decision on the parties. An arbitrator’s award can only be appealed on limited grounds.
- Expert Determination: is a process where an independent third party, with expertise in the subject matter in dispute between the parties, assists the parties to resolve their dispute.
Use of ADR
The commercial world has been seeking alternative forms of dispute resolution in order to avoid the costs of litigation and the executive time and energy expended on lengthy court procedures. Many commercial contracts contain arbitration, mediation or expert determination clauses making it a requirement that the parties commence an ADR process if a dispute materialises and as a prerequisite before commencing legal proceedings.
However, both the Courts and legislature have also driven the increasing trend of using ADR in order to try and alleviate the cost of litigation and the pressures of case management. This has further been encouraged by the obligation on prospective litigants in many jurisdictions to take ‘genuine steps’ to resolve their disputes before litigation is commenced. It is suggested that genuine steps include considering whether the dispute may be resolved before litigation through some form of alternative dispute resolution.
The advantages of ADR
ADR processes can deliver efficient and cost effective results which provide satisfactory outcomes for the parties involved. The primary advantages include:
- the process is informal, quicker and cheaper;
- it is a less intimidating process and parties can express their grievances without fear that their legal rights will be compromised;
- ADR can remain confidential;
- there is scope for non-monetary remedies; and
- commercial relationships can be preserved by adopting a co-operating rather than adversarial approach.
The Disadvantages of ADR
The disadvantages of ADR include:
- ADR might not be appropriate where a party requires emergency relief, for example, a court injunction;
- agreements made at ADR may not be as easy to enforce as a Court or tribunal order;
- ADR can be used as a delaying tactic; and
- ADR is rarely successful unless all the parties to the dispute are committed to seeking to resolve the matter.
Conclusion
There are clear benefits to parties utilising alternative processes for resolving disputes. If you are considering whether ADR is suitable for a dispute you are involved in, we recommend that seek legal advice from your lawyer.
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